1460 Mar 15

Completion of Transcontinental Railroad 1860s
- Old industrial revolution
  - Took local businesses to regional
- Completion of railroad Creates new industrial revolution
  - Rise of big business
  - Robber barons / corporate america
    - Andrew Carnegie
    - JP Morgan
    - John D. Rockefeller
- 1906-1915
  - San Francisco rebuilt city after massive earthquake
  - Hosted World’s Fair 1915
    - Help boosted american industry but also brought problems
- Wealth divide in 2nd Industrial revolution rises 1880 - 1920 Progressive Era
  - Social reform / religious reforms
Corporations buying politicians
- Rockefeller
  - Owned 3 senators
- American general public did not have voice; big business controlled politics
- Would not allow government to put regulations
- Women started working more; businesses enjoyed employing women b/c women wage was less
- Children were lowest cost / wage; kids generally didn't go to school
  - Families needed everyone to work to survive
Middle class would generally drive social reform
- Protestant christians were behind this movement
  - Social gospel movement - put your beliefs to action
Social Gospel Movement
- Openly criticize immigration policies
- Believes people at bottom simply misguided / what they learned
  - They are pre-industrial; must teach them how to be modern
- Emergence of Wellness and Modern Medicine
  - Medicine starts becoming reliable; new standards
- Women driving force behind progressive reform
  - Haven’t seen women take leadership like this never before;
  - Men cannot stop it
- A parental movement
  - Ex > the use of child labor is unacceptable
    - The women can say that child labor (i.e. social issues) affect the women “sphere” AKA the home
- Would like to ban alcohol
  - Similar to puritans and second great awakening by having their ideas made into law
- Addressing big business
JP Morgan -
- Wanted to push America onto exclusively gold standard
  - America was based on silver / gold
  - European banks don’t like trading w/ silver
- 1890’s switch to gold standard hurts society
  - Harder to earn money;
  - Severe deflation
  - Farmers
    - Serious debt; prices of their goods seriously dropped; hard to pay back their mortgages
    - Wanted to go back to gold / silver standard
    - Leads to Free Silver movement
Immigrants coming to America
- Eastern and Southern Europe
- Big business recruited immigrants to keep wages low
- Italians
  - Catholic
- Poland
  - Jews
- Anti-catholic and anti-semitism rise greatly
Free Silver Movement
- Led by evangelist
Emergence of Wellness and Modern Medicine
- Medicine starts becoming reliable; new standards
Women held to higher moral standard
- Men typically breadwinner, public speakers
- Women - clean, orderly,
  - Sphere: the homes
Evangelists
- Billy Sunday -
  - Well known Former baseball player; reformed drunk
    - Had coming to Jesus moment when he thought he would die from alcoholism
    - Anti-saloon league
      - Wanted to get rid of social areas to drink
    - “Get thee behind me demon rum”
  - Temperance leader
- William Jennings Bryan
  - Lawyer / economist / preacher
    - Economist: most vocal opponents of gold standard
  - Big leader of evangelist movement against gold standard
  - Said American democracy is heavily tied into christianity
  - “America is being crucified on a gold cross”
  - 1920s Scopes Monkey Trial - teaching evolution in public schools
  - Founded World’s Christian Fundamentalist Association
    - Still very powerful today
- Charles Sheldon
  - “What would Jesus do”
  - Christian Socialist
  - A lot of same reforms as second great awakening
    - Ex. prostitution
- Young Men’s Christian Association YMCA
  - To give young men better / healthier outlets for young men
  - Been around since before Progressive Era / would get bigger during Progressive Era
  - WW1
    - 18th Amendment Prohibition
      - Drinking goes up 20%
      - Controlled / organized crime rise;
        
        Al Capone, 5 families of NY, mafias
    - 19th Amendment - Women’s Suffrage
    - Veterans returning from war; struggling w/ PTSD
      - Drank to sleep; prostitution
      - Drunken veterans viewed as validation for outlawing alcohol / prostitution
      - Veterans don’t like progressive movement
  - YMCA do great job at helping veterans
    - Get over $155 million in donations
- Boy Scouts of America
  - Inspired by YMCA; “need to get to boys younger before they get corrupt”
  - Religious organization meant to bring up good boys by giving healthy activities; become good Christian men
Women
- Driving force of Social Gospel Movement; differed from Second Great Awakening; Leaders of many reforms
- Most women are middle class
  - Have many social restrictions;
  - Not supposed to work; “if woman works, the man must not be making enough”; a working wife is a blow to the man’s status
- It’s socially acceptable for women to do philanthropy
  - Use philanthropy as way to lead progressive change
Muck-rakers
- Teddy read an article by an activist, put down article “These people just want to rake muck”
- Activist journalist
  - Go after big barons like Rockefeller
    - A woman whose father was put out of work by Rockefeller; would eventually become a muck-raker that got Rockefeller
- George Kibbe Turner
  - Did not like prostitution in America
  - Most Americans saw prostitution as undesirable;
  - Investigated how prostitute came to be
    - Immigrants typically would come over; start to become well economically
    - Business owner would come to wife while husband at work;
    - would tell women to work for him as well or else husband would be fired and black listed for all work in America; real black list
    - Post Turner’s paper exposing prostitution would create - White Slavery Traffic Act
      - Illegal to transport women across state lines for immoral purposes
      - Will be used as weapon of white supremacy
Jane Addams
- Establishing settlement houses; over 400 would go up
- Whole House - original in Chicago
  - Place where immigrants could come and settle in America
    - Typically catholics, jews, russians, polish, italians
  - Can stay / eat for free
  - No drinking
  - Forced to go to church on Sunday
- Big on temperance / wellness
- Frank Lloyd Wright
  - One of top 2 famous American architects
Andrew Carnegie - The Gospel of Wealth
- Wealth of massive amounts is okay as long as using it properly
  - 3 ways
    - Give amount to kids - but do not give them massive amounts;
      - They did not earn it; do not know how to spend it
    - If people don’t spend in lifetime, it must go back to society somehow;
      - 90% death tax
    - Philanthropy
      - Does not believe in charity ie. soup kitchen
      - Carnegie Hall
        
        For gran performances
      - Donated Libraries
      - Advocated for HAGUE; International criminal courts today
        
        Saw WW1 as blight
- Carnegie a social darwinist
  - Science of society
- Other’s kind of guilted into doing this
Jack Johnson - boxer
- Contender for Heavyweight champ
- Embodies stereotypes of white supremacy
  - Loud mouth, no self control, many a white woman
  - Many wanted him put in his place
- Jefferies, current heavyweight champ, would not fight Johnson
  - Says would not dignify Johnson with a fight
  - Johnson would heckle Johnson everywhere
- Jeffries would lose, New champion
  - New champion would lose to Johnson
- Jeffries wants
  - 1910 “Fight of century”
  - Jeffries is Great White Hope
- White Slavery Traffic Act
  - Johnson driving with a white woman
  - Movie “The Great White Hope”
Progressive Movement
- Regulations, limitations in workplace
- Some questionable
  - Prohibition
  - Women’s suffrage was viewed as questionable
- Progressives will keep trying to reform; people would not be open enough to social changes; changes would stop / slow down
- Religious movements / Christian Fundamentalism would still be around

Rough Transcript¶

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In the largest most effective chemistry again in America colors lots of Netflix they had to go to church on Sunday now for Catholics going to a promise Church Virginia entire city block Society somehow so he advocated a 90% Society and he believes philanthropy is not sure organiz ations where you solicit donations stereotypes of white supremacy he's loud outspoken shows very little personal control of Interest want more than any other thing white women he's already been married to two and divorced them divorce and a lot of people are saying that he needs different there we get to see in the places all over this guy's out of place myself Jeffrey in Illinois Chicago and to get there Johnson drives with his fiance over to the fight and because they are not married slavery traffic limits on the excesses of business they put in protections outline child labor for children to be exploited far before they should before they can meet you a lot of those things regulations